Pytons Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pytons - Research Paper Example Since pythons are non-venomous, they depend heavily on bank heavily on their strength to catch their prey, because of their strength they can swallow large animals like pigs, dogs, cats etc. Reticulated pythons are considered to be the world’s longest snakes, these pythons measure up to 33 feet long. Pythons bite their prey and then they wrap their body around their prey and use their strength to squeeze it until the prey is suffocated and is unable to breath. Hence their prey dies and once the prey is dead they swallow the whole body and eat it in single gulp (Goldish). It is said that a python takes several days to digest its prey. Pythons lay 2-10 eggs and incubation time for their eggs is 56 days. On an average the life span of a python is around 25 years, but 48 years is the maximum a ball python has said to have lived. Bibliography SZG Docent. What are Snakes? 11 May 2011 . Shine, R. Australian Snakes: A Natural History. New York: Reed Books, 1991. Goldish , M. Reticulat ed Python: The World's Longest Snake. New York: Bearport Publishing Company, 2010.

On Multicultural Beliefs and Myths of Sexual Anatomy Essay Example for Free

On Multicultural Beliefs and Myths of Sexual Anatomy Essay Based on what I’ve experienced and heard from one of my Asian friends, most beliefs or myths are more common to males rather than females, with practices mostly concerning the penis. Circumcision is a practice very common in certain parts of the world due to the main influence of religion. In Southeast Asia, specifically in the Philippines, there are still existing beliefs being practiced surrounding circumcision. A male by at least age 10 should be circumcised to ensure they reach their height potential. It is discouraged to have the procedure done right after birth, believing that as the child gets bigger, the foreskin will grow back, thus needing to do another procedure as the child won’t reach his maximum height potential due to the fact that the procedure was done soon after birth. This procedure is usually considered a big event in the child’s life and is decided for by the parents. After the circumcision is done, customary beliefs expect the male child to chew on guava leaves and afterwards, wrap the chewed leaves onto the penis to prevent infection. For some, it is established for the circumcised male child to jump into the river to cleanse the wound. This practice is usually done during the summer months when the kids are out of school and still have time to heal. In the rural areas, it is a huge event and done in makeshift hospitals with volunteers assisting the boys in doing the procedure. Kids often get teased prior to being circumcised by the older kids as this procedure is considered a rite of passage. Kids circumcised soon after birth also get teased about not getting any taller because the procedure was not done at the right time. Of course, by the time that these kids get the right to do the procedure, all bets are off and those circumcised as a baby would often have the upper hand at teasing their previous tormentors. My Asian friend also relayed to me their beliefs about women once they reach the puberty stage and get their menses. According to the old customs in their provinces, the girls are expected clean their underwear upon getting their menses and afterwards, cleanse their face with the same underwear to ensure that they don’t get pimples. Others take it a step further by cleaning their face with their â€Å"first† menstrual blood for the same purpose. The girls are often asked to jump three times on the stairs, which also serves as a cleansing ritual. Some believe that the number of times you jump from the stairs will determine the duration of your menstrual period thus, three jumps would mean you will only have three days of your period. Myths about pregnant women are also widely circulated in their culture, especially in certain rural areas of their country as expectant mothers are advised to be careful when sleeping at night. It is said that evil witches in the form of an elderly woman (although the witch is often regarded as a shape shifter) would take the fetus from the woman’s womb by climbing on top of the roof and yanking the fetus using their long tongue. According to my good friend, this belief is still prevalent in their modern society as it is being portrayed in popular culture via the media. Even in the urban areas, pregnant women are advised by their parents not to sleep near the window for fear that they might be seen and victimized by these witches. All these beliefs and myths are still thriving today in the modern world with the older generation ensuring that the young continue to uphold these traditions and practices. There may be a few that veer away from this path but society still finds a way to remind everyone about these practices.

Effectiveness of Guidelines on Myocardial Self-Care

Effectiveness of Guidelines on Myocardial Self-Care ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HEALTH GUIDELINE ON SELF CARE FOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PATIENTS. Patel Asha N.   Abstract: Heart disease is first of the largest killer diseases in the world. According world health organization estimated 17 million people worldwide coronary vascular disease. In developing country the cost of bypass surgery and angioplasty is very high. every person cannot affordable for taking treatment. this study helps to patient about self care precaution and awareness of disease and its minimizes the further complication. This study helps to myocardial infarction patient to improve their health. This study is a experimental study. The population of this study consists of medical college attached government hospitals in Gujarat state. This stydy include the 35 samples in male and female. A structured questioner tool is prepared for assessing the knowledge including six component (self care, modifications, exercise, pulse monitoring, diet, stress reduction technique) and check list, ratings scale prepared for assessing the performance of their activities(pulse monitoring, musc le starching exercise, stress reduction technique) the finding is indicated that health guideline is very effective for the MI patient to improving their health and healthy life style. Key words: Effectiveness, Health guideline, Myocardial infarction, Performance rating scale observational check list. Introduction: The widely accepted definition of â€Å"WHO† in 1948 in preamble to its constitution which is follows â€Å"Health† is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely absence of any disease or infirmity†. So according to W.H. O. health cannot be defined as a ‘state’ but it must been as a process of continue adjustment to the changing meaning which we give to life. This is a dynamic concept. Heart disease is first of the largest killer disease in the world. Cardiovascular disease are major contributors to the global burden of chronic disease with 29.3% of global deaths and 9.9% of total disease burden, in terms of disability- adjusted life years lost, being reported in 2003. Low and middle income countries accounted for 78% and 86% of the CVD deaths and daily lost, respectively, worldwide in 1998. In India CVD is projected to be the largest cause of death and disability by 2020 with 2.6 million Indians predicted to die due to coronary heart disease, each consist 54.1% of all CVD deaths. In resent year education has come to be considered as an integral component of health care. The modern philosophy of health care in every society take in to consideration the physical, special for diet, psychological and socio cultural environment and other thing in that stress management using many technique like mediation, relaxation etc. MI is a chronic life long illness. The basic component of self care applies to all cardiac patients but the care must be designed to fit each person individual needs and habits. In order to meet learning needs of the patients, prepare health guideline on self care activities for the promotion of the health, prevention of further risk or complication, early diagnosis and treatment of the disease. It aims at the modification of life style – change in diet, regular exercise, avoid smoking and avoid alcohol and stress management for preventing health crisis. Objectives of the study To assess the knowledge of self care on myocardial infarction before and after introducing health guideline and demonstration on self care activates to myocardial patients admitted in medical ward in medical college attached government hospitals in Gujarat state. To assess the performance of self care on myocardial infarction before and after introducing health guideline and demonstration on self care activates to myocardial patients admitted in medical ward in medical college attached government hospitals in Gujarat state. Literature reviewed: Important education after myocardial infarction: Duryee R, â€Å" The efficiency of inpatient educational after myocardial infarction in that the educating the patient who has experienced a MI has long been a challenge for the professional nurse. Nurse has prepared volumes of teaching materials to enlighten the patient who has experienced an MI. the purpose of this study was to review the research literature on in- patient education after MI published between 1975 and 1983 the review of 21 studies to determine what information is most important to patients whether inpatient teaching increase patient knowledge, whether lifestyle changes are affected by education and which instructional methods were most effective. Multiple teaching methods were used across the 21 studies reviewed: individual and group session led by nurse rehabilitators, slide sound presentation, videotape sessions with a nurse. The studies demonstrated that audiovisual methods are as effective as presentations by an educator. Important of diet for heart disease. Miss Saramma Jacob â€Å"A study of the knowledge of the patients and the relatives about the importance of salt restricted diet as a therapy in some heart disease†. This study was designed to explore the knowledge of the patients and the relatives about the importance of salt restriction and also the importance of using the prescribed amount of salt. Through this of study it was found that knowledge of this patient and the relatives about the importance of salt restricted diet as a therapy and the relatives about the importance of salt restricted diet as a therapy in some of the heart disease has increased 10% to 70% proper explanation and teaching about the important of salt restricted diet is the reason for this increase in knowledge. All patients used the prescribed amount of salt within one day when they realized the importance. Robertson d and keller C. â€Å" Relationship among health beliefs. Self efficiency and exercise adherence in patients with coronary artery disease.† Many nursing care hours are dedicated to educating patients with coronary artery disease about their disease process and requisites life style changes in order to maximize life expectancy. New therapies may abort life threatening events, however control of the progression of coronary artery disease is ultimately dependent upon the patient’s cooperation in modifying risk factors. Too often health care recommendations go unheeded. The purpose of this study was to develop a model that would explain relationship among several variables that determined adherence to an exercise regimen. The variables were chosen from the health belief model and self efficiency theory. Study findings revealed a significant positive correlation between activity and perceived benefits and between activity and perceived self efficiency. There was si gnificant negative relationship between activities and perceived barriers. Hypotheses: The mean post test knowledge scores of self care of myocardial infarction patients will be significantly higher than their mean pretest scores at 0.05 level. The mean post test of self care activities scores of self care of myocardial infarction patients will be significantly higher than their mean pretest scores at 0.05 level. Operational definition Effectiveness: It refers to the power of the bringing a change in the knowledge and activities of myocardial infarction patients regarding self care activities after the administration of health guide line and demonstration of exercise from the knowledge and performance scores. Knowledge: It refers to the myocardial patients for correct responses regarding self care activities on the structured knowledge test item and evidence from knowledge score. Activities: It refers to the myocardial infarction patient’s ability to perform activities regarding pulse monitoring muscle stretching exercise, stress reduction technique and tool as evidence from structured observational checklist and performance rating scale. Self care: Those health generating activities that are undertaken by the person themselves. Delimitation: Investigator includes only medical college attached government hospitals. Investigation take only hemodynamic stable myocardial infarction patient. Methodology: The present study is a quai experimental study. The methodology presents the population of the study, sample of the study, tools and technique used in this study, data collection, and plan for analysis. POPULATION: the population of this study consists of MI patient admitted in medical college attached Government hospitals in Gujarat state. SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: patient who has a Myocardial infarction and hemodynamic stable admitted in medical ward. Researcher take the 35 sample that were use the purposive sampling method. TOOL USED: the investigator has prepared tool for to check knowledge as well as activities of MI patients regarding self care. For to check the knowledge she prepared structured questionnaire and for observe the practices she prepared observational checklist and performance rating scale. PROCEDURE FOR DATA ANALYSIS : for testing the hypothesis of the study the investigator analyze the data using frequency, percentage, standard deviation, ‘t’ test and correlation. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION: The data were tabulated, analyzed in terms of objectives of the study. Descriptive statically methods were employed for the analysis of tool. in that knowledge area mainly six area those are the related to self care, medicine, exercise, pulse monitoring, diet, stress reduction technique. Through the analysis and interpretation of data, researcher has described following major findings of the study. Findings related to knowledge and activities area:There was maximum gain of knowledge in exercise area. In the exercise area mean percentage of pretest was 11.4% and mean percentage of post test was 78.97%. It indicates that the 67.55% gain in area. According to the table it is the highest gain. Findings of sample related to knowledge of diet :There was minimum gain in the area ‘diet’. In this area mean percentage of pre test was 61.42%whereas mean percentage of post test was 99.28% which suggests that 37.86% gain in the area. Findings of sample related to activates of the self care, stress reducing exercise and pulse monitoring: There are 62.94% and 62.87% gain in area ‘ medications’ and ‘ pulse monitoring respectively. They are 2nd and 3rd in gain after the exercise. There was approximately equal gain in self care and stress reduction technique and providing information areas. It was 45.71% and 45.75% respectively. Finding of sample related to muscle starching exercise: There was maximum mean percentage of post test in muscle starching exercise All over the knowledge score of MI patients before exposing the health guideline and demonstration, mean score of the sample was 3.14 after exposing the health guideline and demonstration, mean score of the sample was 8.11 the difference in knowledge and act score suggesting the knowledge gain by sample. Interpretation through comparing the mean percentage of pre and post performance test in each task. The data suggest that there was maximum gain in pulse monitoring it was 68.93%gain. There was 57.66 % gain in stress reduction technique and 59.61% gain in muscle starching exercise. It indicate the mean 8.6 score obtained by sample before demonstrate the activities and 34.2 score obtained after demonstrating the activities. to the myocardial infarction patients. Conclusion: Knowledge deficit existed in all area of self care among samples admitted in medical ward in medical college attached government hospital in Gujarat state. The study in terms of health guideline and demonstration was found to be effective in enhancing the knowledge and skill of the samples regarding self care activities. IMPLICATIONS AND UTILIZATIONS The findings of the study have several implications in the nursing practice, nursing education, nursing administration and nursing research. Nursing practice: the study is relevant for nursing professional working in the area of cardiac center in the Indian setting. Nursing personal should plan teaching programmes and provide adequate information and guidance to such client who have myocardial infarction disease and they enhance their self care ability. Nursing education: skill development is an essential component of professional life. The responsibility of instructor is in meeting learner’s need in acquiring relevant knowledge to underpin the development skills. Attempts should be made to ensure that the learner is taught in such a way that it allows them to construct learning in a simulated context and then apply it into real situation. The focus should be on the learner under standing the process of acquisition rather than performance. They should develop health guideline, self instructional module , audio- visual materials, booklet, pamphlet i.e. video, tap, slides etc. on cardiac self care for utilize them for teaching learning activities. Nursing administration: the expressed learning need of client can be considered as indicator for planning structured health programmes. nursing administration should promote and support preparation of such instructional material by nursing personnel and they should be educationally prepared at different levels to undertake such endeavors in order to assist clients, and the community in developing their self care potentials. Nursing research: self care is a fundamental therapy for cardiac patients. Many questions remain to be answered about it. Research is needed to identify the optima ways to teach self care activities to cardiac patients. Nurses are available at all the time ti the patients in hospital. Research should be directed to exploring the nurses knowledge regarding self care of myocardial infarction patients or other cardiac diseases. There should be research studies conducted in different setting and on large sample. RECOMMENDATIONS: The following recommendations are made on the basis of the findings of the present study. A study can be replicated on a large sample, their findings can be generalized for a large population. Similar study can be conducted on nursing student. A study can be conducted develop and evaluate a self guideline n the form of pictorial booklet/ pamphlet for the illiterate group. A comparative study can be conducted for the two groups. One group gives the treatment and other group is control group. A study can be conducted to identify life style of the cardiac patients. Reference Website: www.Cardiac home care.org www.Self care of myocardial patient.org www.diet for cardiac patients.com www.excercise for cardiac patient.com www.guideline for cardiac patient.com Journals: Bennet sj, Savue MJ â€Å" cognitive deficits among patients with heart failure†. A review of literature J. cardiovascular nurse2003. Cardiac nurse preparedness to use self help groups as a support strategy. Journal of America nursing 1995, vol 22 p 921- 928 Heart facts dallas TX; American heart association;2005 Books: Alexander R.W. and schant, Textbook of heart.8th edition, health professional division, new York: 1998 Black J.M. Medical Surgical Nursing. 5th edition W.B. Saunders company, Philadelphia: 1999 Dossey B.G. Guzzetta C.E. â€Å" Critical care nursing Body- mind- Spirit ,3rd edition, J.B. Lippincott: Philadelphia ; 1996

Overpopulation and the Environment :: essays research papers

OVERPOPULATION & THE ENVIRONMENT   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that the number of humans that live on this planet is the problem. We should develop new processes for stabilizing the current population. Overpopulation is becoming one of the most preeminent problems facing human civilization. This complicated, pervasive issue is a problem of the utmost importance for people of all races, religions, and nationalities. With our endless need of new information, we should be able to develop unique process to end these problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our planet now provides for approximately 5.8 billion people, with projections of around 10 billion by the year 2050. Two billion of these are extremely poor, the poorest of which live in absolute poverty and misery. The affects of overpopulation on human society are numerous. Suffering from a lack of resources, people are often driven to war when they become too populated for their available resources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increasing amounts of food, energy, water, and shelter are required to fulfill the needs of today’s society. The amount of land required for food production will grow increasingly larger, while the amount of available land will grow increasingly smaller. The resources required to maintain this rapid development is putting a strain on our current supplies of energy. Much of our energy is derived from the burning of fossil fuels releasing millions of tons of toxins into the atmosphere. All of the toxins released into the atmosphere cause harm to the environment as well as those who live around these locations. Currently there are groups with the sole purpose of saving the environment.

Challenges and Prospects of Gender Budgeting in India Essay

Gender budgeting promises to focus on the role of rights, freedoms and the choices of women by giving information of content and focus of government policies. Today gender sensitive budgetary allocation might only constitute 5% of the total budget, yet the stand as a significant attempt at addressing gender inequality. However, gender budgeting exercise needs to be on guard against certain challenges facing it. Firstly, International Financial Institutions that stipulated to initiate economic reform policies in India like IMF, WTO can offset gender budget benefits. Lowering of import duties under WTO has resulted in a reduction of government’s revenue which in turn translated into lowering expenditure on social sector especially on women. Secondly, the introduction of VAT has the impact of affecting the people’s spending rather than their income and thus tends to hit the poor more. Since feminization of poverty is an established fact VAT can be more harmful to the interest of the women. Thirdly, the focus on reducing the fiscal deficit should not imply a cut on the gender equality and women empowerment schemes. Public-private partnership in enhancing expenditure on social sector needs to be encouraged. Lastly, the scope of Gender Budgeting needs to be enlarged so as to cover what hitherto have been gender neutral departments or ministries. Enhanced allocation for women specific programmes needs to be supplemented by an overall evaluation of budgetary policies from gender perspective.

Global Warming Affects Polar Bears Essay Example

Global Warming Affects Polar Bears Essay Example Global Warming Affects Polar Bears Paper Global Warming Affects Polar Bears Paper For example, China has more than 200 million automobiles and as a speed of growth is about 13 million per year, meanwhile the United States has about 255 millions automobiles and the growth speed is more than 10 million per year. So, we can see how large pressure forced on the earth. It is clear that the globalization causes the climate change. Global Warming continues presenting on the earth and bringing many catastrophes to the earth. The polar bears most scientists think they are the first species in the world influenced by the climate change. Since the earth becoming warmer and warmer, the sea ice shrunk violently. As a result, the polar bear was threatened by those changes. More important hint is that if the situation still exists, polar bears will extinct in the future. This paper is focusing on the effect of the Global Warming on the polar bears ha bait, behaviors and population. Effect on Habitat The first effect of the Global Warming on the polar bears is their habitat. Habitat is the place providing animals with food, sleeping area and every essential material to live. In the Arctic, the polar bears habitat becomes worse recently due to the shortage of sea ice and food. : The first change in habitat is increasing the temperature of the Arctic. With the Global Warming, polar Bears 3 enrapture increasing, the sea ice over here melts quickly. Finally, this should transfer to the polar bears and lead they die out. David barber, an instructor of the University of Manitoba working for Earth Observation Science, indicated that a medial temperature of the Arctic rose 3. 5 degrees from 1970 to 2000, meanwhile the whole world only rose 0. 7 degrees (Campbell, 2008). The temperature of Arctic increased more extremely compare with the other parts. This means under the global warming, we may not know that the earth becomes hotter and hotter and realize it is a serious problem because we cannot feel it. However, the deep change is going on in the Arctic. The first victim is the polar bear. Furthermore, if the sea ice disappears, the temperature of the Arctic will go up extremely. Louis Fortier, a scientist of a study group of Canada named Arctic, said that the Arctic sea ice cover has existed for about 3. 7 million years and it works as a huge mirror to reflex the sun lights back into space. The vanishing of the ice cover might lead to a higher speed of global warming tendency (Campbell, 2008). This means that the two factors of polar bears habitat which are the temperature and the sea ice affect each other. The temperature directly determines the total amount of the sea ice. On the other hand, when the sea ice is shrinking, more and more lights cannot be reflected to the space. As a result, the temperature rises again. The second change in habitat is the sea ice which covers the Arctic Ocean. Because of global warming, the sea ice has diminished. A huge change happened on 2007. Near 1. Million square km of Arctic ice disappeared in that year beyond far away from formal yearly medial of 70 thousands (Campbell, 2008). This huge change led more people worry about global warming and thus the polar bears lost their habitat. At this point, we will consider Global Warming, Polar Bears 4 about if the Arctic sea ice is gone in the future. Sea ice cover Of the Arctic decreased at the average of 1 1. 5 percent every ten years during the summer melt season from 1979 to 2010. Lots of scholars hold the opinion that the Arctic sea ice cover will completely melted around 2050 (Swift, 201 1). Through this research, we can imagine that the sea ice decreased quickly in recent couple decades and the serious coming effect. The last change in habitats is the food. Under the climate change, polar bears food sound cannot survive in the melting sea ice. Polar beads main food is seal, but global warming disturbs this food chain, so polar bear is hard to find their food. Due to the increasing melting on ice, there is less place leaving to all the polar bears as well as his primary food seals. Both must live on the sea ice. Because food is limited, polar bear need find other choice (Cole, 2009). The longer summer melt season will destroy the entire Arctic food chain, especially causing the most serious effect to Polar bears (McGrath, 2011 The melt season will influence polar bears to search food. The longer melting season the more risk will happen on the polar bears. With the sea ice shrinking, the seal and polar bear both declined. Without enough food supply, polar bears are hard to survive from the cold place. For those reasons, the sea ice becomes to smaller and smaller, and the temperature over the Arctic is increasing to higher and higher and the food web is disturbed, there is few places leaving for the beautiful polar bears. Due to the Global Warming, the temperature of the Arctic is increasing critically and then this intensifies the melting of sea ice. As a result, there are no place to live and no food for polar bears. Global Warming, Polar Bears 5 Effect on Behavior The other effect of the Global Warming on polar bears is change in their behaviors. Behavior means that some kinds of things the polar bears do every day or some certain time, such as swimming, eating, mating. First, the change happened on food searching of polar bears. Generally, the prime food for polar bears is seal. But under the climate change, it is difficult to find seals around the Arctic. To survive, polar bears need to find foods no matter how hard to get it. This is the first way the polar bears change their searching food methods. Scientists indicate the result of global warming in the Arctic. Since the food chain has been disturbed, many polar bears which cannot find food in their habitat run out of the Arctic to the human societies, such as Norris, Alaska and Churchill, Manitoba. Those polar bears walk around the trash dropped by human to find something to eat (Cole, 2009). Trash is very unclean and harmful foods for the polar bear, but in order to live they must eat. Trash contains a lot of germs and viruses everyone should know that. Therefore, if the polar bears eat it often, it is clear that their health will get bad. This is the second way of finding food. Under the difficult times when the polar bears hard to find seals, they try to find optional foods. Even if they will die, they may swim for long distance that they never have done before (Cole, 2009). This way is very dangerous because the polar bear dont realize how long the way should be, many of them died. Even through polar bears swim very well, far swimming in the ocean will cause exhausted even deadly to them. For instance, A young polar bear that tracked by the scientists had swum a shocking Global Warming, Polar Bears 6 distance with 427 miles to get the ice nearby the northern Alaska beach in 008, but the cub died finally (Mcgrath, 2011 Without food supply, the pathetic polar bears have no choice. They must face the long moving trip even involve death. This is the third way of finding food. Behavior scientists think that young polar bears will be eaten by the hungry males which even eat their mothers will appear often due to the food chain disturbed (McGrath, 201 1). Everyone can imagine how cruel it is. Scientists hold the opinion that the food shortage results polar bears eat each other. In the history, polar bears might eat each other, but not happening often like these current years polarbearsinternational. Org). This result is caused by the climate change. Due to the climate change, polar bears are struggling in the food shortage. Sometimes, if they could not find a food in a long time, they might eat their cubs. The second change in polar bears is mating. Mating is the processes of having cubs and feeding them to grow up. During the global warming, polar bears cant get their main foods to supply their bodies, so no enough blubber storing their bodies, the females might give up the processes of pregnancy and feeding their children (Owen, 2010). With the lack of ice season become longer and longer, polar bears cannot get sufficient blubbers in their bodies. O it will make pregnancy and feeding cubs more difficult for polar bears (Cole, 2009). The both authors mention the challenges caused by the foods shortage. So the point is here, to get enough foods is an essential thing of mating. For example, An Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources research scientist, Martyr Aboard works with polar bears in the southern Hudson Bay region. His study indicates that polar bears body weight has fallen to 80 percent of Global Warming, Polar Bears 7 original weight and the weaker males cant have energy babies through the cue rent 20 years (Campbell, 2008). Those aspects show the effect of global warming affect the polar bears behaviors. With the climate change, the polar bear must change their behaviors to adapt the new environment. However the most changes that the polar bears have done are dangerous and harmful to themselves. As a result of the behavior changes on the polar bears population is decreasing. Population is the total number of polar bears. Currently, the population of the polar bears is estimated from twenty thousands to twenty- eve thousands bears by biologists. Most of those live in Canada ((http:// www. polarbearsinternational. Org). With the decline of the sea ice, polar bears population also drops down at the same time. Most scientists accepted a possible trend in polar bear population, which Was decreasing between twenty percents to twenty eight percents in 2007 within the 25 years ago (Helm, 2008). This is a research done by scientists. Canadas Hudson Bay called the polar bear capital of the world only had three quarters of the polar bears population compared with 25 years ahead (Cole, 2009). Through the cording and scientists studies, we can know that the declining of polar bear population already became a serious issue. Moreover, the U. S. Geological Survey reported that if greenhouse gas emissions continue strongly presenting only one-thirds or less of the polar bears through the world could be alive, in 2007 (White, 2011 The climate change not only affects polar bears behaviors but also influences their mating activities. As a result, the population of polar bears goes down. Because the Global Warming changes their habitat deeply, the polar bears must change their former search food ethos at first Second, their habitat changing also Global Warming, Polar Bears 8 influences polar bears mating abilities. So far, the population of polar bears has dropped down. As has been shown in the previous discussion, Global Warming affects polar bears habitat, behaviors and population. Since the temperature of the world increases dramatically, the sea ice over the Arctic region decreases quickly. As a result, the polar bears loss their habitat and food. For finding food, polar bears swim very far distance beyond their abilities, so lots of they may drown in the sea. To response the climate change, polar bears changed their rotational methods of searching food and their mating abilities. Polar bears may swim a very far distance to find food or even eat their cubs. At the food shortage times, they cannot feed their cubs very well. As a result, a lot of cubs died in this process. As the climate change, the total number of polar bears decreased fast. If this trend does not change in the following years, polar bears will extinct. However, if we change our living ways in order to controlling the emission from industries, power plants and automobiles and so on, there is still opportunity for us to protect polar bears even to protect ourselves.

Predynastic Egypt Timeline and Definition

Predynastic Egypt Timeline and Definition The Predynastic period in Egypt is the name archaeologists have given to the three thousand years before the emergence of the first unified Egyptian state society. Scholars mark the beginning of the predynastic period somewhere between 6500 and 5000 BC when farmers first moved into the Nile valley from Western Asia, and the ending at approximately 3050 BC, when the dynastic rule of Egypt began. Already present in northeastern Africa were cattle pastoralists; the emigrant farmers brought sheep, goats, pigs, wheat and barley. Together they domesticated the donkey and developed simple farming communities. Chronology of the Predynastic Early Predynastic (Badarian) (ca 5000-3900 BC)Middle Predynastic (Nagada I or Amratian) (ca 3900-3650 BC)Late Predynastic (Nagada II or Gerzean) (ca 3650-3300 BC)Terminal Predynastic (Nagada III or Proto-Dynastic) (ca 3300-3050 BC) Scholars typically divide the predynastic period, as with most of Egyptian history, into upper (southern) and lower (northern) Egypt. Lower Egypt (Maadi culture) appears to have developed farming communities first, with the spread of farming from the Lower Egypt (north) to the Upper Egypt (south). Thus, the Badarian communities predate the Nagada in Upper Egypt. Current evidence as to the origin of the rise of the Egyptian state is under debate, but some evidence points to Upper Egypt, specifically Nagada, as the focus of the original complexity. Some of the evidence for the complexity of the Maadi may be hidden beneath the Nile deltas alluvium. The Rise of the Egyptian State That development of complexity within the predynastic period led to the emergence of the Egyptian state is inarguable. But, the impetus for that development has been the focus of much debate among scholars. There appears to have been active trade relationships with Mesopotamia, Syro-Palestine (Canaan), and Nubia, and evidence in the form of shared architectural forms, artistic motifs, and imported pottery attests to these connections. Whatever specifics were in play, Stephen Savage summarizes it as a gradual, indigenous process, stimulated by intraregional and interregional conflict, shifting political and economic strategies, political alliances and competition over trade routes. (2001:134). The end of the predynastic (ca 3050 BC) is marked by the first unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, called Dynasty 1. Although the precise way in which a centralized state emerged in Egypt is still under debate; some historical evidence is recorded in glowing political terms on the Narmer Palette. Archaeology and the Predynastic Investigations into the Predynastic had their start in the 19th century by William Flinders-Petrie. The most recent studies have revealed the extensive regional diversity, not just between Upper and Lower Egypt, but within Upper Egypt. Three principal regions are identified in Upper Egypt, centered on Hierakonpolis, Nagada (also spelled Naqada) and Abydos. Predynastic Sites    Adaà ¯ma   Hierakonpolis   Abydos  Gebel Manzal el-Seyl Herbal Wines of Ancient Egypt illustrates trade connections between predynastic Egypt and the Levant region of the near east. Sources On Michael Brasss The Antiquity of Man site, youll find the complete text of Kathryn Bards 1994 paper in the JFA cited below. Bard, Kathryn A. 1994 The Egyptian Predynastic: A Review of the Evidence. Journal of Field Archaeology 21(3):265-288. Hassan, Fekri 1988 The Predynastic of Egypt. Journal of World Prehistory  2(2):135-185. Savage, Stephen H. 2001 Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic Egypt. Journal of Archaeological Research 9(2):101-155. Tutundzic, Sava P. 1993 A Consideration of Differences between the Pottery Showing Palestinian Characteristics in the Maadian and Gerzean Cultures. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 79:33-55. Wenke, Robert J. 1989 Egypt: Origins of Complex Societies. Annual Review of Anthropology 18:129-155.